{"id":140237,"date":"2026-08-07T09:46:22","date_gmt":"2026-08-07T06:46:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/?p=140237"},"modified":"2026-08-07T09:46:22","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T06:46:22","slug":"turk-hukuk-sistemi-ve-osmanlilarda-hukuk-sistemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/2026\/08\/07\/turk-hukuk-sistemi-ve-osmanlilarda-hukuk-sistemi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00dcRK HUKUK S\u0130STEM\u0130 VE OSMANLILARDA HUKUK S\u0130STEM\u0130…"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Son g\u00fcnlerde Medya\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Hukuk Sistemi ve T\u00fcrk Hukuk Sistemiyle ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve muhalefet partilerinden, sivil kitle \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinden \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik yorumlar yap\u0131l\u0131yor\u2026<\/div>\n
Sistemin i\u00e7inden de birbiriyle uyu\u015fmayan de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ortaya konuyor\u2026<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, 1299 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f ve 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla sona ermi\u015ftir; toplamda 623 y\u0131l boyunca ortaya koydu\u011fu Hukuk sistemiyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/div>\n
1299 y\u0131l\u0131nda S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct ve \u00e7evresinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir beylik olarak ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/div>\n
Zamanla Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131taya yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
1 Kas\u0131m 1922’de saltanat\u0131n sona ermesiyle 623 y\u0131ll\u0131k tarihi tamamland\u0131.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131 hukuk sistemi; \u015eer\u2019\u00ee Hukuk ve \u00d6rfi Hukuk olmak \u00fczere iki ana s\u00fctun \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015f, \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc yap\u0131y\u0131 koruyan \u00e7o\u011fulcu bir hukuk d\u00fczenidir.<\/div>\n
Devlet, fethetti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerdeki topluluklar\u0131n dini ve sosyal dinamiklerini g\u00f6zeterek esnek ve pratik bir yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fc geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131larda Hukukun \u0130ki Temel Dayana\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r; Biri \u015eer\u2019i hukuk, di\u011feri \u00d6rfi hukuk\u2026<\/div>\n
\u015eer\u2019\u00ee Hukuk: \u0130slam f\u0131kh\u0131na dayanan, kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Kur’an, S\u00fcnnet, \u0130cma ve K\u0131yas\u2019tan alan ana hukuk dal\u0131d\u0131r. Aile, miras, bor\u00e7lar ve ceza hukukunun belirli alanlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenler. De\u011fi\u015fmez niteliktedir ve sistemin me\u015fruiyet zeminini olu\u015fturur.<\/div>\n
\u00d6rfi Hukuk: \u015eer’i hukukun a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlemedi\u011fi kamusal, mali, idari ve askeri alanlardaki bo\u015fluklar\u0131 doldurmak amac\u0131yla padi\u015fah fermanlar\u0131 ve eski T\u00fcrk t\u00f6relerine dayan\u0131larak olu\u015fturulan hukuktur. Temel \u015fart\u0131, \u015fer’i hukukun genel ilkelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. Kanunnameler bu gruptad\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131 hukukunda Yarg\u0131 Te\u015fkilat\u0131 ve Kurumlar vard\u0131r:<\/div>\n
A – Kad\u0131lar: Ta\u015fradaki en yetkili yarg\u0131\u00e7lard\u0131r. Hem \u015fer’i hem \u00f6rfi davalara bakarlar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin (kazan\u0131n) en \u00fcst m\u00fclki ve idari amiridirler.<\/div>\n
B – Kazaskerler: Yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki en \u00fcst d\u00fczey g\u00f6revlilerdir. Anadolu ve Rumeli Kazaskeri olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131rlar. Kad\u0131lar\u0131n atamalar\u0131n\u0131 yapar ve askeri s\u0131n\u0131fa ait davalar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zerler.<\/div>\n
C – \u015eeyh\u00fclislam: Do\u011frudan dava karar\u0131 (h\u00fck\u00fcm) vermez ancak devlet i\u015flerinin ve padi\u015fah kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n dine uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f (fetva) bildirir.<\/div>\n
D – Divan-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun: Devletin en y\u00fcksek y\u00f6netim organ\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlamda bir y\u00fcksek mahkeme (temyiz) i\u015flevi de g\u00f6r\u00fcr. S\u0131radan vatanda\u015flar dahi haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131nda buraya ba\u015fvurabilirdi.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131, gayrim\u00fcslim tebaaya geni\u015f bir hukuki \u00f6zerklik tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Millet Sistemi ad\u0131 verilen bu yap\u0131ya g\u00f6re:<\/div>\n
Hristiyan ve Yahudi cemaatleri; aile, miras ve ticaret gibi kendi i\u00e7 hukuk meselelerini kendi dini mahkemelerinde \u00e7\u00f6zebilirdi.<\/div>\n
Bir gayrim\u00fcslim ile bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman aras\u0131ndaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda ise do\u011frudan \u0130slam mahkemeleri (Kad\u0131) yetkiliydi.<\/div>\n
Geleneksel yap\u0131, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015fma hareketleriyle k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/div>\n
Kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik: Tanzimat (1839) ve Islahat (1856) fermanlar\u0131 ile t\u00fcm tebaan\u0131n din fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeksizin kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitli\u011fi kabul edildi.<\/div>\n
Nizamiye Mahkemeleri: Bat\u0131 tarz\u0131 laik ve sek\u00fcler mahkemeler kurularak \u015feriyye mahkemelerinin yetki alan\u0131 daralt\u0131ld\u0131.<\/div>\n
Mecelle: Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bir komisyon, \u0130slam bor\u00e7lar ve e\u015fya hukukunu ilk kez bat\u0131 tarz\u0131nda kodifiye ederek (maddele\u015ftirerek) \u00fcnl\u00fc Mecelle-i Ahkam-\u0131 Adliye’yi haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/div>\n
Anayasal D\u00fczen: 1876 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilan edilen Kanun-\u0131 Esasi ile Osmanl\u0131 ilk anayasas\u0131na kavu\u015ftu ve me\u015fruti y\u00f6netime ge\u00e7ildi.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131larda bir padi\u015fah\u0131 yarg\u0131layacak kadar tarafs\u0131z olan hukuk sistemi sa\u011flam temeller \u00fczerine oturtulmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
T\u00fcrk Hukuk Sistemine gelince:<\/div>\n
T\u00fcrk Hukuk Sistemi baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n iddia etti\u011fi \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin emrinde de\u011fil, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir sistemdir.<\/div>\n
T\u00fcrkiye Hukuk Sisteminde tarafs\u0131z mahkemeler, tarafs\u0131z savc\u0131 ve hakimler, kolluk kuvvetleri tarafs\u0131z bir \u015fekilde hizmet vermektedir.<\/div>\n
Su\u00e7lular yakalanmakta ve kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde hesap vermekteler\u2026<\/div>\n
T\u00fcrk hukuk sistemi, Temel hukuki yap\u0131, \u00f6rf ve adetlerden ziyade yaz\u0131l\u0131 kanunlara dayan\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Sistemin i\u015fleyi\u015fi, kurumlar\u0131 ve temel \u00f6zellikleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir:<\/div>\n
Hukukun birincil kayna\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi (TBMM) taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan kanunlard\u0131r. Hakimler kararlar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 mevzuata g\u00f6re verir; i\u00e7tihatlar ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fil, yol g\u00f6stericidir.<\/div>\n
Hukuk kurallar\u0131 dini referanslardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r. \u00dclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki herkese k\u00f6ken veya inan\u00e7 fark\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin ayn\u0131 kurallar uygulan\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Hukuk Sistemi, devlet ile birey aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczenleyen kamu hukuku (ceza, idare, anayasa) ve bireylerin kendi aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri d\u00fczenleyen \u00f6zel hukuk (medeni, ticaret, bor\u00e7lar) olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/div>\n
T\u00fcrkiye’de yarg\u0131 yetkisi, kuvvetler ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi gere\u011fince ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mahkemelerce y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/div>\n
H\u00e2kimler ve Savc\u0131lar Kurulu: H\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n atama, nakil ve \u00f6zl\u00fck i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fcten ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z idari organd\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Say\u0131\u015ftay: Kamunun mali denetimini yapan hesap mahkemesidir.<\/div>\n
Y\u00fcksek Se\u00e7im Kurulu: Se\u00e7imlerin y\u00f6netimini ve se\u00e7im yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenen \u00fcst kuruldur.<\/div>\n
Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131: Yarg\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etmeksizin adalet hizmetlerinin idari ve lojistik y\u00f6netimini sa\u011flar.<\/div>\n
T\u00fcrk Hukuk Sistemi 4 ana birimden olu\u015fuyor.<\/div>\n
Bunlardan birincisi; Anayasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kanunlar\u0131n Anayasaya uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmeden ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130\u2019dir.<\/div>\n
\u0130kincisi; Bireyler aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmalara bakan ADL\u0130 MAHKEMELER\u2019dir. Bu mahkemeler YARGITAY , ASL\u0130YE CEZA ve SULH HUKUK\u2026gibi b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/div>\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc; Bireylerle idari makamlar aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara bakan \u0130DAR\u0130 MAHKEMELER\u2019dir. DANI\u015eTAY ve SAYI\u015eTAY ba\u015fl\u0131ca b\u00f6l\u00fcmleridir.<\/div>\n
D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc; Kendi b\u00fcnyesinde b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131lan ASKER\u0130 MAHKEMELER\u2019dir.<\/div>\n
Adli mahkemelerde g\u00f6rev yapan savc\u0131lara CUMHUR\u0130YET SAVCILARI denir.<\/div>\n
\u0130dari mahkemelerde g\u00f6rev yapanlara da SAVCI denilmektedir.<\/div>\n
Baz\u0131 din d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 Roma Hukukunun \u0130slam Hukukuna etkisinin oldu\u011funu savunmu\u015flar ve hatta \u0130slam Hukukunun Roma hukukunun aynen devam\u0131 oldu\u011funu ortaya atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Bu fikir yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gibi Osmanl\u0131 devletinin kurulu\u015funda o d\u00f6nemlerde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerden olan Bizans ve Roma’n\u0131n etkisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde ortaya konan fikirler de yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Avrupal\u0131 baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler h\u00e2l\u00e2 bu iddiada bulunmakta ve Osmanl\u0131 Hukuk sisteminin Bizans hukuk sisteminden etkilendi\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/div>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle bahsedilen tarih kitab\u0131 bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede olanlardan birinin ortaya koydu\u011fu fikirleri i\u00e7eren bir kitap olsa gerektir.<\/div>\n
O d\u00f6nemin Bizans’\u0131 \u0130slam Dinine kar\u015f\u0131 bir devlettir.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131 devleti M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir devlettir.<\/div>\n
\u0130slam dininin ortaya koydu\u011fu fikirler Osmanl\u0131 devletinin hukuk ve idare sistemine etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
Bizans\u2019s\u0131n hukuk sistemi de\u011fil \u0130slam dininin esaslar\u0131 bu hukuk sistemini ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131 devletinin kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi\u011fimiz zaman kendisinden \u00f6nce var olan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devletlerden ve eski T\u00fcrk devlet te\u015fkilatlar\u0131n\u0131n prensiplerinden istifade edildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/div>\n
Ancak iddia edildi\u011fi \u015fekliyle Rum ve Bizans Osmanl\u0131 hukuk sistemlerine hi\u00e7 etki etmemi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131larda Divan te\u015fkili eski T\u00fcrk kurultaylar\u0131ndan \u00f6rnek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/div>\n
Divan-\u0131 h\u00fcmayun, Kazaskerlik, Eyalet Sisteminin Bizans\u2019tan de\u011fil de ba\u015fta Abbasiler olmak \u00fczere M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devletlerden \u00f6rnek al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/div>\n
Al\u0131nan baz\u0131 vergiler her ne kadar Bizans sistemini \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmakta ise de \u0130slam hukuku incelendi\u011fi zaman bu hukuk sisteminde ayn\u0131 vergi sistemlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/div>\n
Yabanc\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine Osmanl\u0131 Hukuk sistemi ve devletin di\u011fer m\u00fcesseseleri Bizans’tan de\u011fil, eski T\u00fcrk devletlerinden, eski \u0130slam devletlerinden etkilenmi\u015ftir.<\/div>\n
Osmanl\u0131larda 623 y\u0131l tarafs\u0131z yarg\u0131lama ile varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/div>\n
T\u00fcrkiye’de tarafs\u0131z yarg\u0131lama ile su\u00e7lular yarg\u0131\u00e7 \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmakta ve hukuk sistemi sa\u011flam temeller \u00fczerine oturtulmu\u015ftur.<\/div>\n
Ho\u015f\u00e7a kal\u0131n\u0131z<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Son g\u00fcnlerde Medya\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Hukuk Sistemi ve T\u00fcrk Hukuk Sistemiyle ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve muhalefet partilerinden, sivil kitle \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinden \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik yorumlar yap\u0131l\u0131yor\u2026 Sistemin i\u00e7inden de birbiriyle uyu\u015fmayan de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ortaya konuyor\u2026 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, 1299 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f ve 1922 y\u0131l\u0131nda saltanat\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla sona ermi\u015ftir; toplamda 623 y\u0131l boyunca ortaya koydu\u011fu Hukuk sistemiyle varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1299 y\u0131l\u0131nda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":139788,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-140237","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gazi-mert"],"views":217,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140237","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=140237"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140237\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":140239,"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/140237\/revisions\/140239"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/139788"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=140237"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=140237"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mersingazetesi.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=140237"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}